Evolution of the Earth’s Crust
Although Pythagoras believed that sea and land must often have changed places, and a few other evolution scientists at different epochs came to the same conclusion, yet, till quite recent times, the earth was generally supposed to have been always very much as it is now; people spoke of “the eternal hills”; and the great mountain ranges, the mighty ravines and precipices, as well as the deep seas and oceans, were believed to be the direct work of the Creator.
Dr. Hutton, of Edinburgh, after more than thirty years of travel and study, published his great work, The Theory of the Earth, which must be considered to be the starting-point of modern geologic evolutionary theory. He maintained that it was only by observing causes now in action that we can explain the phenomena presented by the stratified and igneous rocks; he showed that the former must have been laid down by water, and that the larger part of them, containing as they do marine shells and other fossils, must have been deposited on the sea-bottom.
Dr. Hutton showed how rain and rivers, frost and snow, wind and heat disintegrated the hardest rocks and would in time excavate the deepest valleys; while earthquakes would in time raise the sea-bottom sufficiently high to form mountain ranges, plains, and valleys we see across the globe today. Additionally, Dr. Hutton showed that the most ancient stratified rocks presented every indication of having been formed in exactly the same way as those we see today. He concluded: “In the economy of the world I can find no traces of a beginning, no prospect of an end.” This was thought to imply a denial of creationism, which sparked at the time an evolution creationism controversy debate, and was quite sufficient at that period to prevent the work of any man of science from being judged impartially.