The Link Adder Nexus
Connecting Worlds

I don’t know about you, but I felt a lot of internal resistance when it was first suggested to me that I write ‘for’ the search engines.

Years of training and habit, and a lot of pride, turned me against the idea of adjusting or changing my copy to suit ’spiders’. It’s about the reader, not some computer. Right?

The whole thing smelled of compromise to me. And as us ego-driven writers all know, compromise is not something we like.

Well, I’m pleased to say that my pride finally shuffled off to one side a bit and allowed me a more objective look at the whole thing.

And now, well, I’m something of a convert. I have been for quite a while now.

Not because I have made that ‘compromise’. But because it became evident to me that both spiders and readers are looking for exactly the same thing…

Relevance.

Spiders are becoming more and more sophisticated in determining the relevance of a page when matched to a keyword or phrase that is typed in by the user. In short, pages that are most likely to satisfy the needs of the reader are being delivered first.

The spider looks for relevance. And the reader hopes for it.

And that’s where the writer comes in. Using Overture’s Search Suggestion tool, or something a little more sophisticated, like Wordtracker, you can research which words and phrases are being used most frequently by people in search for your kind of page. These are great resources for writers, allowing us to drill right down to the words that our prospects and customers use.

And how better to make them feel they have come to the right place than to greet them with the exact words and phrases they are looking for?

And once you start getting really serious about being relevant to the needs of your visitors, the implications begin to snowball. Not only do you start writing in a very relevant way, but it also makes you start thinking about more fundamental issues – like the structure and architecture of the site in general.

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Article Resource: Read my review of WordTracker here

Nick Usborne is a copywriter, author, speaker and advocat of good writing. You can access all his archived newsletter articles on copywriting and writing for the web at his Excess Voice site. You’ll find more articles and resources on how to make money as a freelance writer at his Freelance Writing Success site.

Kidney
Kidneys are the main vertebrates’ emunctories (that lead out all final products of metabolism). Vertebrates for example like snail also have organs fulfilling a similar secretory function and sometimes they are called kidneys but they differ from vertebrates’ kidney for their structure and evolutionary descent.

Function.
The main function of kidneys is to move out of organism water and final products of metabolism. Vertebrates’ the main such product is urea. It is a principal final nitrogenated product of protein disassimilation (protein metabolism). Birds and reptiles’ principal product of protein metabolism is uric acid. It is a insoluble matter and it is a white paste in excrement. Human uric acid also forms and moves out by kidneys (its salts are urates).

Human kidneys move out about 1-1.5 liters of urine in 24 hours. Though these numbers can vary strongly. On increase water consumption kidneys answer increasing production of more dilute urine. And so they keep up normal water content in organism. If the water consumption is limited kidneys make for saving it in organism. And they use as little as possible water for urine formation. The urine volume can decrease till 300 ml per day and the concentration of moving out products will be accordingly higher. The urine volume is regulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also known as vasopressin. This hormone is secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary gland (it is a gland that located at the base of brain). If an organism needs to save water ADH secretion increases and the urine volume decreases. And vice versa when there is a plenty of water in organism ADH does not educe and so daily urine volume can reach 20 liters. Though urine excretion doesn’t exceed 1 liter per hour.

Structure.
Mammals have two kidneys which located in abdominal cavity on both sides of backbone. Total weight of both human kidneys is about 300 gr. or about 0.5-1 % of body weight. In spite of their small size kidneys have rich blood supply. During 1 minute about 1 liter of blood run through renal artery and come out by renal vein. Thus in 5 minutes blood volume equal to the total amount of blood in the whole organism (about 5 liters) goes through kidneys to eliminate products of metabolism.

A kidney is covered with connective tissue membrane and serous tunic. On kidney’s slit one can see that it is divided on two parts. They are called cortical and medullary substance. The most part of a kidney consists of huge number of superfine gyrose tubule which are called nephrons. Every kidney has about 1 million of nephrons. The total nephrons length of both kidneys is about 120 kilometers. Kidneys are responsible for liquid formation that finally becomes urine. The nephrons structure is the key to understanding his functions. On the one side of each nephron there is a distension. It is a round formation that is called renal corpuscle. It consists of bilaminar so called Bowman’s capsule which include capillary net that form a glomerule. The rest part of a kidney is trichotomic. Twisted part that is the nearest to glomerule is called proximal convoluted tubule. Then thin-walled straight part that turns round sharply and makes loop so called Henle’s loop. It is distinguished (in series) descending part, turn and ascending part in it. A tortile third part is a distal spiral tubule which is run (with other spiral tubules) into a receiving tube. Urine goes from receiving tubes to renal pelvis (in fact it is a dilated end of ureter) and then further along the ureter in an urinary bladder. Urine is led out from an urinary bladder along an urethra in certain terms. Cortical substance includes all glomerules and all gyrose parts of proximal and distal tubules. Henle’s loops and receiving tubes which are located between loops are in medullary substance.

Urine formation.
In glomerule water and attenuated in it substances go out from blood through capillary wall under the influence of blood pressure. Interstices of capillaries so small that stop blood cells and proteins. Therefore glomerule works like filter that let pass only water without proteins but with all permeates in it. This liquid is called ultrafiltrate, glomerule filtrate or primary urine. It is undergo control while going through other parts of nephron.

In a human kidney the volume of ultrafiltrate is about 130 ml per minute or 8 liters an hour. As the total blood volume of a man equal about 5 liters it is evidently that the most part of ultrafiltrate should be absorbed back into blood. If to assume that about 1 ml of urine is formed in a human organism per hour so the rest 129 ml (more than 99%) liquid of ultrafiltrate is necessary to return in bloodstream before they will become urine and will go out an organism.

Ultrafiltrate contains a lot of valuable substances (salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins and so on) which an organism can’t lose on a substantial scale. The majority of them are exposed reabsorption in proportion as filtrate goes along proximal nephron tubules. For example glucose reabsorbes till it disappear from filtrate at all (till it concentration reaches zero). As the glucose transfer back in blood where its concentration is higher goes against the density gradient so the process needs additional energy and it is called active transport.

As a result of glucose reabsorption and salts from ultrafiltrate the concentration of solutes decreases. Blood turned out to be more concentrated solution than filtrate and it is draw water from tubules. It means that water passive follow actively traveling salts. It is called passive transport. With the help of active and passive transport 7/8 of water and solutes are absorbed back into from the contents of proximal tubules. And the speed of filtrate volume decreasing reaches 1 liter per hour. So now inside tubules liquid include mainly slag as urea. But the process of urine formation hasn’t finished yet.

The next segment is the Henle’s loop. It is responsible for the creation of very high salts concentration and urea in filtrate. In ascending part of loop an active transport takes place. At first they are salts which gather round an interstitial fluid of medullary substance where as a result a high salt concentration is created. And because of it part of water from descending part of the loop (pervious to water) is drawn off and immediately goes to capillary. At the same time salts gradually diffuse in it and reach the highest concentration at the curve of loop. This mechanism is called countercurrent concentrating mechanism. Then filtrate goes to distant tubules where other substances can transform to it due to active transport.

Finally filtrate gets into discharging tubules. Here it is determined what quantity of liquid will be made out extra and therefore what is the final urine volume. It means the final or secondary urine volume. This stage is regulated by presence or absence of ADH in blood. Discharging tubules are located between numerous Hentle’s loops and goes parallel to them. Under the influence of ADH their walls become pervious. As the salt concentration in Hentle’s loop is very high and water have a tendency to follow salts the water in fact is drawn out discharging tubules. And it leaves a grout with high concentration of salts, urea and other solutes. This grout is the final urine. If ADH is lacking in blood so discharging tubules stay low-permeability for water. Water doesn’t go out of them and the urine volume stays large. So it turned to be diluted.

The main kidney diseases.
Renal calculi are sediments of salts in kidneys. They are formed under high salt concentration in urine or increase of urine acidity. It means under conditions that are conductive to salt crystallization. The main types of calculi are oxalates, phosphate or urates. Small calculi (sand) go out through ureters practically without any harm. Bigger ones may get stuck in ureters and it is accompanied by excruciating pain (renal gripes). Still bigger calculi stay in pelvises and cause pain, infection and kidneys dysfunction. The consumption large quantity of water decreases the probability of formation of calculi.

Renal calculi are eliminated by surgical treatment or with the help of lithotripsy (therapeutic use of ultrasound to shatter calculi to small pieces which can be moved out of the organism). Such method doesn’t make any harm to soft tissues of a kidney.

Renal insufficiency and hemodialysis.
There are many causes as renal infection or destruction attached to diseases such as pancreatic diabetes which could lead to dysfunction of kidneys right up to renal insufficiency. On chronic renal insufficiency acid-base disequilibrium and accumulation of nitrogenous slag (urine first of all) in blood takes place.

Those who suffer from renal insufficiency could be treated with the help of hemodialysis (artificial kidney). Its principle lay in that blood from artery (usually from forearm) goes through artificial kidney apparatus and returns to the vein of patient. In apparatus blood run through microscopical tubules which are circled by thin plastic membrane. On the other side of membrane dialysis liquid is. If instead of dialysis liquid there was water this case all solutes (salts, sugar and so on) will be washed out of blood plasma. It means that all solutes went out through membrane to water. To avoid it liquid grout that contains all those components and in those concentrations as blood plasma (but those which should be removed for example urea) is taken for dialysis. At the time of hemodialysis these solutes go out of plasma so in the vein of patient entire blood returns. Hemodialysis could have been run for years. While visiting dialysis center regularly patients still keep on living normally.

Kidneys and urinary infection.
Kidneys infection (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis) and urinary infection (cystitis) occur more often at women (in view of anatomic peculiarities). More than usually women with slowed immune system suffer.

All about Kidney infection.

Protection and prevention, these are two of the most important reasons why motorcycle apparel is worn by riders.

Motorcycle gloves protect the rider from the shivering coldness of the winter season. It is also worn to avoid Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) which can lead to more serious conditions. Aside from that, these gloves preclude heat from damaging the skin and lessen the possibility of pricks, injuries and other unsafe elements.

There are different types of gloves. Most of them are worn depending on the weather. Summer gloves uses thin lining and are not water-resistant. They come in vibrant colors with and without fingers.

Rain gloves, obviously, are for rainy seasons. They are usually made of plastic. They can get slippery and bulky. However, they are often cheap and are easy to carry along.

Winter gloves are thick and will really keep your hands warm during cold weather. These gloves are oftentimes lined. They can be stylish and comfy.

In choosing motorcycle gloves, you also have to consider the size, material and other essential features. To preclude gloves from wrapping around the bar, you have to choose the size that fits you well – not too tight or loose, just the right size.

Motorcycle gloves are leather or nylon made. Between the two, leather gives the best protection. Another quality of a good pair of gloves is having extra padding on the knuckles and palms. Carbon shells and tiny metal studs can also be used for added hand protection.

Gloves with fingers are better than fingerless. The latter can give you nasty sunburns when you are exposed under the blazing sun.

Having washable linings can also be a good feature of motorcycle gloves. Aside from that, extensions can also protect you from the harsh and cold puffing air. It can extend up to the sleeve thus, protection is also extensive.

Rain can be rider’s uninvited company. However, how can riders manage to enjoy the ride if their hands are soaking wet and numb? To avoid this situation, water-resistant gloves must be worn to keep water away from the hands.

Another feature is the wrist strap. These straps are usually made from a simple button clip system or Velcro. The main function of having the same is to improve comfort by holding the gloves tightly and ensuring that safety padding is in the right place.

If you are a rider, you must be accustomed to the idea of having bigger fingers. A word of caution though, must be applied. Do not purchase a pair of gloves that obstructs your feel of the controls.

With these specifications, your ride will surely be comfortable and numb-free!

Please visit Motorcycle Parts Trade site at www.motorcyclepartstrade.com/ for comments and inquiries regarding this article.

To creatively solve problems you need to get your mind looking in new directions. You can systematically do this by using a list of words, primarily adjectives, to create “what if?” scenarios. You start with the question, “what if it was…” and then insert a word from the list. The “it” in the question is the problem you’re trying to solve, or the solution or situation that exists now.

Using “What If” To Solve Problems

An example will help explain the process. Assume your house is too crowded because you’re running your business from it. You ask, “What if it was…” and insert from the word list, “smaller.” The house is already too small, but could the business be smaller? The word “divided” might give you the idea to keep the business in just one part of the house.

Most words on the list won’t help, so you can go through the irrelevant ones quickly. Don’t automatically dismiss them, though, without a few seconds consideration. “What if it was hopeless?” may seem like a useless question, or it may make you realize that you just can’t keep the business in the house any longer.

As with most problem-solving techniques, it’s important to allow ideas to flow without judging them initially. Don’t stifle the creative process. Evaluate your ideas later, when you’re done with this part.

The Problem Solving Word List

You can create your own list of words. Use adjectives, descriptive phrases, and words that can change your perspective. These could include the following:

What if it was… larger, smaller, farther away, closer, sooner, later, easier, more difficult, higher, fat, rich, short, black, certain, hopeless, newer, boring, casual, subtracted from, cheaper, common, divided, more interesting, extravagant, subtle, or fun?

When you are out buying a new fish tank, you definitely need to buy some fish tank gravel. The gravel sits at the bottom of your tank and helps to make your aquarium a unique haven for your fish. Fish tank gravel can be bought in either natural or colored designs. If you opt for the colored look, you will be able to choose from basically any color you can think of. This is a great way to give your tank an eye catching individualized look. I have even mixed colors of gravel for my fish tank in order to give my fish a unique environment to live in.

You can buy fish tank gravel in one of two places. You can either purchase it at the store where you bought your tank, which is more than likely a pet store or a department store like Walmart, or you can decide to search online. Most of the time, you will be better off buying your first tank gravel at a local pet store. They usually have a pretty good selection, and you should be able to locate what you need. But if you are looking for something that is a bit more specialized, consider searching online.

Online stores may have a particular color that you could not find in a store. Often times, you may be able to get a better price on fish tank gravel from an online store. Shipping costs often cancel out any discount you may have received, so price is usually a wash. It all comes down to is where you can find the fish tank gravel that you are looking for. It does not hurt to spend a little time to find just the colors you are looking for.

It is important to remember that you cannot leave gravel in your tank indefinitely without cleaning it. You may want to look into purchasing a gravel cleaner. This allows for less mess, and can also save you a lot of time. This is a great alternative to having to take all of your fish out of the tank in order to clean the fish tank gravel. I usually scoup up the gravel and rinse it off in the bathroom sink through a strainer. This seems to work well if you do not want the added expense of a fish tank gravel cleaner.

Fish tank gravel can bring your tank to life. Just make sure to clean it when necessary to ensure a healthy living environment for your fish. Healthy fish are happy fish.

Keith Londrie II is a well known author. For more information on Fish Aquariums, please visit Fish Aquariums Information for a wealth of information. You may also want to visit keith’s own web site at Keith Londrie dot com

Laptop computer shipments are approximately estimated to be in the region of 127M units this year, which is huge! Taiwanese companies have said material scarcities will affect deliveries this year due to the high demands. It doesn’t seem like anything will hinder the surge of laptops at present. Also with notebook computers now it seems like every few months or so the technology is already taken over with something different.

A number of companies have been releasing gaming laptops recently. Also with the growing competiton and quick technology changes, laptops don’t maintaint their value for increased amounts of time. For those who require portability, the performance laptops offer in terms of gaming shouldn’t be frowned upon much longer as performance is improved. Even more impressive these days In my opinion is how sleek the chassis’s are getting especially when you think about much speed is in them. Still there is a big difference between the performance of portables and computers however desktop computers are more spacious to cater for unique cooling and airflow that all help. Gaming laptops are the test of speed for the notebook industry and it will be exciting to see how the forthcoming technology ranks.

Sometimes the average mass market laptop computers just are not suitable for what we require them for so custom laptops will forever be around. One thing with custom laptops is that you can obtain higher spec parts. In vast number cases you can specify all the primary parts you require and this is best suited to gamers, professional and power users. If you will be doing more intensive work on your notebook then those premade ones will probably not offer all the flexibililty and speed you want. So clearly this is why you require a custom notebook computer. Increased levels of customer care and support can also be found when purchasing custom built laptops. Yet again a futher coudos to custom built notebooks.

We are observing some pretty awesome stuff at the minute and I question what will be released next. So far it seems like inexpensive portables are the current craze. This area is already seeing stern competition and is getting overcrowded. Ideally everybody would prefer a slim notebook with a 15 inch lcd. There are portables like this in the market already, just at high ticket prices. Gaming laptops for gamers will get smaller, that’s for certain. There’s no knowing what portables we will see but surely there will be plenty.

I’d personally recommend http://www.rizeon.com/gaming_laptops/page.php

“I wish I could be out for this season but I have to work.”

“Really, why do you have to work?”

“Because I need a car.”

“Why do you need a car?”

“So I can get to work…”

If you are a high school coach, I’m sure that you have had a conversation similar to this one with one of your young athletes. It seems that the almighty job is pulling more and more student athletes away from being involved in sports.

So, do most of these athletes really need to work?

I would argue that the answer is “no.”

But, how do you get that message across to teenagers? You can’t pay them to play for you. Why else are they working?

Many young adults are working because their parents want them to earn money, learn responsibility and learn the value of hard work.

What’s a poor coach to do?

Reason Number One: “I need money.”

Does your student athlete need money or do they want money? There is a big difference. Needing money would involve helping to support their family. Working to buy food, clothing and shelter – the basic necessities – is probably a valid reason to choose a job over sports. I don’t believe that this is the case in most situations.

How many students at your school have car payments – or motorcycle, ATV, snowmobile or boat payments for that matter? It is a shame that we push students into debt at such an early age. Are these items necessary for a sixteen or seventeen year old? Talk about a trap.

I would argue to let teenagers stay teenagers a bit longer. They will have the next 40 to 50 years to earn a paycheck and buy “stuff” when they reach adulthood. Their athletic window of opportunity, however, is limited. Once they graduate from high school, the majority will never have another opportunity to play competitive sports.

Money for wants is not a valid reason to miss out on sports. Do we really want money to be a young person’s main motivator anyway?

Reason Number Two: “A job teaches them responsibility.”

But, won’t sports teach them that same value? Being on a team includes being responsible for their behavior, for their grades to stay eligible, for their effort in practice and in games, for being places on time, setting priorities and on and on and on. These lessons can be learned without working 20 or 30 hours per week.

Learning responsibility does not need to come from the world of work at this early age.

Reason Number Three: “A job teaches them the value of hard work.”

Let’s talk about the hard work of a student athlete. Go to school for 7 to 8 hours per day. Practice for another 2 hours. Games 2 to 3 times per week. Studying and homework to make sure they can still play. Maybe even some chores at home. This all adds up to well over 40 hours per week. And all without having an actual “job.” How many adults are willing to work this many hours per week in their jobs?

And what better way to see hard work pay off. Dedication and putting in the time and the effort leads to success on the field, on the court, on the track, in the pool, etc. True cause and effect can be seen when hard work pays off in improved performance.

Being a student athlete is already hard work.

So, there you are. Some ammunition to use when you are losing athletes to work. Will this change the mind of every parent and student that you run across? Of course not. But you may be surprised at how explaining the benefits of athletics can help keep some athletes that you may have lost. Remind people of the hard work and responsibility that come with remaining a student athlete. Just maybe they will wait a bit longer for that car…

Copyright, Tim Kauppinen, 2005

This article is protected by copyright, 2005, Tim Kauppinen. All rights reserved.

Tim Alan Kauppinen, or Coach K, has over 20 years experience as an athlete and coach. He has worked with athletes of all ages and abilities in track and field, football, speed training and strength and conditioning. This has given him the privilege and the opportunity to coach athletes who have become conference champions, state champions and Division I college players. Coach K publishes a free daily fitness email with current tips on getting stronger, faster and in the best shape of your life. To sign up for this no cost service, visit Coach K’s website at http://www.makesyoufast.com

Whatever the needs when purchasing or bringing back foreign money, Currencies.co.uk might often be able to aid you yourself save up time or possibly precious money FCD offer one off overseas exchanges, regular overseas transfers & additionally have options when bringing currency home to the United Kingdom.

Currencies.co.uk are the finest independent foreign money negotiators having primarily been exchanging foreign currency since the year 2000 this is quite excellent. Foreign Currency Direct own a very successful set of workers that have been celebrated for their skilful advice & aid Another reason the FCD team can be found to be consequently broadly chosen is that for currencies exchange The business broker the greatest foreign currency rates and the best foreign currencies exchanges, this has been greatly documented by The Sunday Times 2 2 Observer. Currencies.co.uk offer money exchange, for both money coming into the UK and out of the UK, visit the site for more details.

The website is astonishingly painless to use; once you have opened an account people should be able to guarantee the current rate by telephone. If a rate is provided which you yourself take, the FCD team can at once fax, email and post the confirmation. When your staff purchase foreign currencies from FCD, the rates could be based surrounding live interbank foreign currency rates (the currency rate on which one bank retails to another) The above can be found to be aggregated with a number of sources, are quoted at real time & might often be even more competitive than generally cited by high street banks and building societies. The interbank currencies rate, that most sites and newspapers use is a mid market rate which is not in fact achievable to exchange at. You can often always purchase a currency a little below the interbank foreign money exchange rate or possibly sell slightly above; this is the primary way the company will offer the foreign money transfer.

Because you are emigrating you yourself are likely to be transferring vast sums of currencies into a foreign currencies, your currencies rate might well end with the difference between being able to afford some luxurious accessories or perhaps ending up with lots less than you yourself budgeted for.

Conjoin everybody’s uppermost pursuits and what you will unmask is something normally called a sportsbook bets web property. Well, what could ever be more imaginative. If you see a troop of friends cheering over their favored local sports club, and frequently bets are arranged in tandem with the hubbub. Aspiring to participate in of the anticipation, spectators frequently venture to presage who will win in the imminent competition. This all boils down to a cute little competition called sportsbook bets web property.

Play bet gambling sports any time! This online venue always has action.

Yes, it may well seem compulsive though actually wagering sportsbooks is really solely an amusing entertainment and of bonding with fellow sports buddies. You can bet a a smallish budget of pesos and nonetheless have an amazing time. Below, you’ll find a number of pointers to get going wagering sportsbooks.

In order to wager, I would advise you go to a sportsbook bets web property, i.e. a place that offers sportsbook bets web property. In the U.S., you can find no less than four states where to do wagering sportsbooks absolutely legally, but beyond legality you may attempt it practically anywhere provided you can pinpoint a bookie and you happen to be legally an adult. Amongst the sporting contests you have a choice of betting on are professional and, naturally, college basketball + college league football, pro hockey, pro hockey, and, naturally, bets on both horse and dog racing. Visitors might choose to risk some money on the whole score of a contest or game, at which point a given contester will be defeated, and even if a given tossed coin in a contest or game will come out either heads or tails.

The bookies lean on stats and maths to help you out conclude which sports club you believe will win. First, we have the spread, or points leverage assigned to the weaker competitor that is anticipated to go under by a specific number points. This constitutes the bookie’s style of making balanced antes possible for a Sports Book. To give an example a gambler will have the option of placing bets on a side that is anticipated to go under and and nonetheless profit from that wager provided the competitor does actually get beaten by a specific number of points.

You will find so many varying manners of bets: straight, parlay stakes, teaser antes, plus, even better, over-unders, the straight being the best known in wagering sportsbooks.

Well, why not have a crack at it and have a lot of fun for good measure. Simply take pains to ensure that you won’t get ripped away and waste your total social security checks on a conceit! For otherwise you’re going to find yourself in grief for the rest of your life!

Travelling is one of the most interesting activities in one’s life. However, when you travel to a strange and unfamiliar place, you are very likely to be attacked, especially when travelling to third world countries. Tourists are usually very easy to be noticed and taken advantage of because they usually wear quite different clothes, bring a camera along and have a lost look on their face. So how can tourists protect themselves against being attacked in a new place?

Learn about the place you are travelling to carefully in advance. You should use the internet to find information about the culture and custom of the country you are going to as well as the contact information of your embassy in that country. You should also take down the emergency phone numbers there in case some problem happens. In addition, there are many websites supplying travel tips and reviews written by experienced travellers. Reading all that information will make you feel more confident and secure in a strange place.

Going with a group is much safer. Going in a tour group with a guide is a great way to explore a new place. The tour guide knows where the safe places for tourists are and what to do in case of trouble.

Avoid crowds. You are very likely to have your wallet or purse stolen in a crowd and can never find out who the thief is. A chaotic crowd is very dangerous and you could even be killed.

Avoid carrying much luggage with you. You will stand out on the street and can be the target for attacks. Moreover, carrying much luggage along will slow down your speed, thus you will react slower when being attacked.

Don’t bring much cash with you while travelling. Credit cards and travellers’ checks are safer. To prevent pickpockets, you should put your wallet in the front pocket. It is very difficult for pickpockets to get your wallet from the front.

Never leave your valuable things visible. In addition, try not to wear expensive clothes or jewellery when travelling. The “richer” you look, the more likely you are to be attacked.

Make a copy of all your important documents, especially your passport and keep them in a safe place.

The most important thing to be safe is that you always have to be cautious. Be aware of anyone that slows you down or anyone behind you for several minutes on the street. Even if you are the most soft touch in your home country, you have to be the most suspicious one in a new place.

Michael Russell Your Independent guide to Travel